Blacks in opera

the long version

1787 to 1815 was a turbulent period for the Jewish community in the Netherlands. Compared with other cities, Amsterdam had a relatively large Jewish minority. In fact, Amsterdam contained more Jews within its boundaries than any other municipality in Europe. They enjoyed complete freedom of religion, but economic discrimination left the majority of them penniless. Moreover, a bitter internal conflict broke out between the enlightened and the orthodox Jews, leading to a fierce controversy and the foundation of a separate congregation. The Emancipation Decree issued under the influence of the French (1796), and the efforts of King Louis Bonaparte and King William I to integrate the Jewish community into Dutch society, failed to be effective during most of this period: the large Ashkenazic majority within the Dutch Jewish community refused to yield to the authorities' integrationist policy. This book offers a new and original analysis of both the political, economical, religious and literary aspects of this fascinating and tumultuous era.