Intelligence activities in ancient Rome

the long version

"Intelligence activities have always been an integral part of statecraft, and the Romans could not have built and protected their empire without them. Professor Sheldon uses the modern concept of the intelligence cycle to trace intelligence activities whether they were done by private citizens, the government, or the military. The range of activities is broad: intelligence and counterintelligence gathering, covert action, clandestine operations, the use of codes and ciphers, and many other types of espionage tradecraft have all left their traces in the ancient sources. This book will certainly dispel the myth that such activities are a modern invention."--Jacket.