Ghosts

the long version

The innovative dramas of Henrik Ibsen created a sensation among nineteenth-century audiences with their mordant attacks on social conventions. Among the finest of these ground-breaking works was ' Ghosts', first performed in 1881. In it, the playwright assailed the hypocrisy of moral codes, offering a daring treatment of such then-taboo issues as infidelity, veneral disease, and illegitimacy. Ibsen substituted the modern scientific idea of heredity for the ancient Greek concept of fate, exposing